4L'Hopital's rule, limit
Use L'Hôpital's rule to find .
Plugging in x=0 gives 0/0, so differentiate top and bottom: (eˣ−1)/2x, still 0/0, so differentiate again: eˣ/2, which gives 1/2. A Taylor series check (eˣ−1−x ≈ x²/2) confirms the limit is 1/2.
Use L'Hôpital's rule to find .
Plugging in x=0 gives 0/0, so differentiate top and bottom: (eˣ−1)/2x, still 0/0, so differentiate again: eˣ/2, which gives 1/2. A Taylor series check (eˣ−1−x ≈ x²/2) confirms the limit is 1/2.